HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) are the most severe infectious diseases. While we've seen great strides in treatment since their discovery in the early 1980s, understanding HIV and AIDS is still an integral part of staying healthy today.
In this in-depth guide, you will learn about HIV and AIDS from A to Z, including information on how the virus spreads and the newest treatments and prevention methods.
At its core, HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. It does so by invading T cells—white blood cells responsible for fighting off disease and infection—and using them to reproduce before killing the T cell. As HIV replicates within these cells, it weakens the individual's immune system until it becomes too weak to fight other infections or diseases.
AIDS is a severe stage of HIV infection that results from significant damage to the body's immune system. People with HIV can avoid developing AIDS by taking antiretroviral medication as prescribed. This drug halts the spread of the illness and supports the proper functioning of the immune system.
A person is diagnosed with AIDS when their CD4 cell count falls below 200 or when they experience one or more opportunistic infections. The average lifespan of an individual with AIDS is three years without proper medical intervention.
However, antiretroviral therapy can still be helpful and even lifesaving at this stage of the infection. That's why it's essential to get tested for HIV regularly, so treatment can be started early and maximize its benefits.
HIV is considered one of the most contagious viruses known to humans; however, there are specific ways that HIV can be transmitted from person to person. It can be passed through contact with bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or breast milk. It can also be spread through shared needles or syringes used for drug use or medical procedures such as tattoos or piercings done with non-sterilized equipment.
It's crucial to remember that someone living with HIV can only transmit the virus through specific actions, like engaging in unprotected sexual activity or sharing needles with someone who has also tested positive for HIV.
It is also essential to know that contracting HIV cannot happen through casual contact hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food with someone who has tested positive for the virus—unless direct contact with bodily fluids occurs.
It is recommended that individuals get tested for HIV at least once a year to detect any signs of infection early on and maintain their health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends getting an initial test within three months after potential exposure, followed by additional tests every three months until 12 weeks after possible exposure/infection if results remain negative.
HIV testing can be performed at a doctor's office or clinic, providing accurate results within a few days. Several test options are available, including blood tests, oral swabs, urine tests, rapid tests that can give results in under 30 minutes, and home testing kits for private testing.
Various diagnostic and monitoring tests exist to detect and monitor HIV infection, including antibody screening tests that identify antibodies produced against the virus and viral load tests that quantify the virus in the body.
The symptoms of HIV can vary and can appear differently depending on the individual and how long they have had the virus without knowing it. However, common symptoms include fatigue, swollen glands, frequent fever, weight changes unrelated to diet or exercise, insomnia or excessive sleepiness during the day, persistent dry mouth and thirst, and spots on the tongue, mouth, or throat.
Individuals may also experience recurring pneumonia or frequent shingles-like rashes in severe cases. If an individual shares any symptoms and has risk factors associated with HIV, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately.
Certain behaviors increase the likelihood of being exposed to HIV. These behaviors can lead to an increased risk of HIV infection and include:
Various measures can be taken to prevent the spread of HIV and protect individuals from getting infected. First, avoid high-risk activities such as sexual intercourse with multiple partners and using intravenous drugs or needles.
It is essential to be aware of proper condom usage during sexual activity and to get regularly tested for STDs. Vaccination can also be a viable solution for prevention, but it is essential to remain vigilant even after getting vaccinated, as the vaccines do not guarantee total immunity.
Regular monitoring of the virus levels through blood work, periodic check-ups with a doctor, and educating the community about disease prevention and risk factors can also be crucial in avoiding exposure to the virus and promoting a healthier future. Research and studies should also continue to develop better medications and treatment options for better and consistent long-term results.
Treatments are available for individuals who have tested positive for HIV to help manage the disease. Antiretroviral medications are commonly used to target different parts of the virus' lifecycle and slow down its progression, preserving immunity levels and easing symptoms.
New treatments, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), are being developed to reduce the risk of contracting the virus through sexual activity. In addition, ongoing research is being conducted to find even more advanced ways to manage the disease and provide patients with better treatment options.
While it's crucial to educate yourself on the hazards of HIV and AIDS and how to stay protected, it is also important not to stereotype these diseases as impacting only specific groups of individuals. HIV does not discriminate based on race, gender, or age; anyone can be at risk if they do not practice proper precautions.
Each person has a responsibility to stay informed and educated about these issues. Doing so can protect ourselves and our loved ones from harm and create a healthier future free from serious illnesses.
